ARRT Ultrasound Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• The formation of the corpus luteum is triggered by which hormonal event?
• Which term describes monozygotic twins that are physically connected?
• Which condition is defined by an overall reduction in brain size and may be difficult to detect before 24 weeks, possibly related to infection or chromosomal abnormalities?
• Bilateral renal disease with hyperechoic enlarged kidneys, extreme oligohydramnios, and no visible bladder is most consistent with which condition?
• Which is the most common cause of discordant growth in a monochorionic gestation?
• The relationship between received and transmitted frequencies defines which Doppler sign category?
• Which image format results when each pulse originates from the same starting point and uses electronic focusing and beam steering?
• Harmonic frequencies are generated as even and odd multiples of the fundamental frequency and are produced in the highest intensity region of the beam. They primarily affect which aspect of image quality?
• What is the most common benign tumor of the scrotum, commonly found in the epididymis?
• Which artifact can be reduced by subdicing and apodization?
• What term denotes the concentration of mass, weight, or matter per unit volume?
• Early rupture of the gestational sac with leakage of amniotic fluid is abbreviated as?
• A condition in which both kidneys are fused in the same quadrant with two separate collecting systems and two normally located adrenal glands is called?
• Which condition involves rupture of the amnion causing fetal parts to entangle and leading to abnormalities and amputations?
• The Reynolds number threshold most commonly associated with transition to turbulence is approximately:
• What is the term for the angle between the reflected sound and a line perpendicular to the media boundary?
• By 20 weeks, which organ is identifiable and responsible for urine formation?
• Blood is ___ times more viscous than water.
• Which structure forms after ovulation and acts as a temporary endocrine gland?
• Dilatation of an artery characterized by a focal outpouching of one arterial wall, most often caused by trauma or infection is called
• Protrusion or bulging of the forehead associated with hydrocephalus is described as which finding?
• The fluid-filled space located between the undersurface of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata is the?
• The fundus of the gallbladder is the most anterior and inferior portion. Which term labels this region?
• Propagation speed is determined by which medium properties?
• A cyst caused by obstruction of a lactating duct is called what?
• Excessive accumulation of fat in the renal sinus is termed
• The resistance of the arterioles accounts for _____ of the total resistance in the systemic system.
• Which disorder is characterized by yellowish plaques of lipids and cellular debris in the medial and intimal layers of arterial walls?
• A protrusion within the Graafian follicle containing the oocyte is known as what?
• Cystic hygroma is most characteristically described as what type of cervical lesion on ultrasound?
• Which phenomenon occurs when sound direction changes as it crosses a boundary between media?
• A collection of pus located between the peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall is called a
• Which term describes the overall image detail including axial, elevational, and lateral resolution, and is related to the number of scan lines?
• Spina bifida in which the defect is covered by normal soft tissue with normal AFP levels is called which type?
• TIC Stands for Thermal Index for Cranium.
• Which term relates to time?
• Symmetric IUGR indicates a fetus that is small in which pattern?
• The Lateral Thoracic artery originates from which artery?
• The protective covering of tissue surrounding each kidney is called what?
• Kidney tissue displaced by cysts of varying sizes, usually unilateral is which condition?
• Acoustic impedance at a boundary influences both reflection and transmission of ultrasound. Which term describes this property?
• Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones are secreted by which gland?
• Which term denotes a frequency equal to one thousand cycles per second?
• Which fetal membrane is the outermost and is typically obliterated by the amnion between 12 and 16 weeks?
• Amniotic fluid below the normal range for gestational age is called?
• Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones are secreted by which gland?
• Which term describes the region around the focus where energy is concentrated and the beam is narrow?
• Which ligament attaches the ovary to the pelvic sidewall?
• Dandy-Walker syndrome is a congenital malformation of the cerebellum with maldevelopment of the fourth ventricle and is associated with which features?
• Which enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids?
• A retroperitoneal abscess is located between which two structures?
• Which condition describes simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine gestations?
• A condition in which accelerated growth results in a birth weight greater than 4000 g, associated with birth asphyxia and trauma, is called?
• Which syndrome is associated with three complete chromosome sets and is almost always lethal?
• A saccular dilatation of a blood vessel caused by a bacterial infection is called
• What term refers to the region of focus where half is located in the near field and half in the far field?
• Retroperitoneal structures located in Gerota fascia within the perinephric space anterior, medial and superior to each kidney are which structures?
• Heating of soft tissue is proportional to which index?
• An expanded image of the display beyond the normal limits of the transducer is called what?
• Which term is the acronym for the U.S. agency responsible for workplace safety and health?
• Postterm pregnancy is defined as gestation longer than how many weeks?
• Macroglossia is most commonly associated with which syndrome?
• Which term describes abnormally large tongue and is associated with fetal conditions?
• _____ dilatation of an artery when compared with a more proximal segment.
• Which serous membrane surrounds the testis with visceral and parietal layers?
• The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of which artery?
• What is the most common malignant liver tumor in children three years old or younger?
• A wave traveling in a straight line is described as which type?
• Which fibroid type is located within the muscular wall of the uterus?
• Which ultrasound sign is associated with neural tube defects, describing a crescent-shaped cerebellum?
• The rete testis forms a network of ducts connecting the epididymis with which part of the testis?
• Which concept defines the proportion of time a pulsed ultrasound is actively transmitting?
• Which layer is composed of epidermis and dermis and measures 2-3 mm in thickness?
• The incident ultrasound traveling at an oblique angle to the boundary is called?
• The most common primary ovarian neoplasm? arising from the wall of a follicle
• Which is the most common cause of obstruction due to an abnormal bend or kink in the proximal ureter?
• Which term describes the process of adjusting gain with depth to compensate for attenuation during reception?
• What is the most common breast anomaly?
• Which device generates the electric pulses to the crystal producing pulsed ultrasound waves, determines PRF, PRP and pulse amplitude, and adjusts PRF for imaging depth?
• Attenuation of the ultrasound beam is a finding associated with which condition?
• Incident ultrasound traveling at a perpendicular angle to the boundary is termed?
• The intrahemispheric fissure that separates the cerebral hemispheres corresponds to which structure?
• The matching layer thickness is equal to what fraction of the wavelength?
• Bowel herniation resolves by the 11th week; it becomes abnormal after which gestational week?
• Early fetal demise of one embryo in a multiple pregnancy is called what?
• What measurement is used to establish gestational age before visualization of the embryonic disc?
• Which term describes a curved linear transducer containing multiple piezoelectric elements?
• Which veins join to form the portosplenic confluence?
• The fertility program that transfers gametes into the fallopian tube is known as?
• What is the maximum diameter of the Terminal Ductal Lobular Unit?
• If the maximum center velocity is 100 cm/s, what is the average velocity across the cross-section in laminar flow?
• Which term describes abnormally close orbital positioning?
• Elevation in which laboratory value is associated with renal failure, chronic nephritis, or urinary obstruction?
• Opening in the duodenum for the entrance of the CBD
• Uterine fundus/body curved backward on the cervix is called what?
• Which transducer is described as a compact line of elements about one quarter wavelength wide, operated by applying a voltage with minor time differences, allowing multiple focal zones and steering or shaping pulses?
• Visceral lymph nodes are located in which area?
• The ovarian layer composed of connective tissue, contains nerves, blood, lymph vessels and smooth muscle is the...
• Acoustic impedance is described as what?
• Which renal function indicator increases with renal failure and urinary obstruction?
• What is the term for the speed at which sound travels through a medium?
• Which lymphatic system malformation presents as a multilocular anechoic cervical mass with a thin surrounding membrane and is associated with fetal hydrops?
• Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta is the most lethal?
• What term describes the change in direction of a sound wave as it passes from one medium to another?
• After approximately which week does the fetus become a major contributor to amniotic fluid through urination and swallowing?
• The right portal vein divides into which two branches?
• When sound is redirected in multiple directions after hitting a rough surface, this is called:
• Which of the following is one of the five functions of the receiver?
• BPH stands for which term?
• A pronounced swelling of the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland is called?
• Which lethal autosomal recessive syndrome presents with oligohydramnios, infantile polycystic kidney disease, bladder not visualized, and encephalocele?
• Bowel herniation becomes abnormal after which gestational week?
• What term describes the sound wave that continues into the second medium after crossing a boundary?
• Which cyst is typically located in the broad ligament and separate from the ovary?
• Which renal poles lie more posterior and medial?
• Which condition is defined as ectopic endometrial tissue that can attach to the fallopian tube, ovaries, colon, and bladder?
• What is the prominent vascular structure in the outer third of the myometrium, a branch of the uterine artery?
• After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes which hormone to support possible early pregnancy?
• Which syndrome features macrosomia, omphalocele, macroglossia, and an increased risk of Wilms tumor and renal anomalies?
• Breast metastases originate from which of the following primary sites?
• Which transducer array is described as a straight line of rectangular elements about one wavelength wide, with pulses traveling in straight parallel lines to produce a rectangular image?
• What is the narrowest portion of the beam, where the width at the focal point is about half the transducer width and maximum intensity occurs?
• Absence of the stomach on prenatal ultrasound is most consistent with which anomaly?
• Which prenatal abdominal wall defect involves all layers of the abdominal wall, is associated with markedly elevated AFP, and features free-floating bowel in the amniotic cavity to the right of the umbilical cord?
• Which space houses the deep fascia and is composed of small fat lobules?
• In which congenital heart defect are the great vessels described as arising in parallel from the base of the heart?
• Which curvature forms the longer, convex left border of the stomach?
• Which process equalizes larger echoes with smaller echoes, changes the grey map of an image, and decreases the dynamic range of the signals?
• Which term describes breast changes with multiple cysts and fibrous tissue, often cyclic?
• The spleen is a ______ organ.
• A Doppler shift occurs when the received frequency is lower than the transmitted frequency. This shift is described as:
• A ratio of the cranium derived to determine the normality of the fetal head shape is called what?
• Pelvic lymph nodes course along which vessels?
• The outermost layer of the gallbladder wall is which of the following?
• Which is the second most common benign ovarian neoplasm and tends to present as a rapidly enlarging pelvic mass with a large unilocular or multilocular anechoic appearance?
• Occurs when two waves in phase with each other create a new wave with amplitude greater than the original two waves
• The mediastinum testis is a thick portion of which tunic?
• Which term describes increased amniotic fluid volume?
• Which term denotes the area or region of the focus?
• A congenital anomaly characterized by more than the normal number of digits is called?
• Lymphocele is commonly associated with which procedures?
• Which syndrome is associated with diaphragmatic hernia and ectopia cordis as part of its presentation?
• In hydrocephalus due to outflow obstruction, the ventricular enlargement is typically which pattern?
• The perirenal protective fascia surrounding the kidney is known as which term?
• Which component consists of analog to digital converter, digital memory, digital to analog converter?
• Which term describes a false pregnancy with a normal non-gravid uterus and a negative pregnancy test?
• Spalding sign is a radiologic finding indicating what?
• Strands of connective tissue serving as a support structure of the breast; provide shape and consistency to the breast parenchyma are called what?
• Uneven speeds of the sound wave through compressions (faster) and rarefactions (slower) create which energy?
• What term describes blood accumulation in the vagina and uterus?
• Which is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease in the fetus?
• Unilateral development of the paired Mullerian ducts results in which uterine anomaly?
• Which term refers to leveling out the rough edges of signals to form a smoother waveform?
• The lateral funnel shaped horns of the uterus are called what?
• Which device makes grayscale imaging possible by transferring incoming echo data into a display format?
• A binary digit is defined as:
• What is the term for the storage of echo information within the ultrasound system?
• Which membrane forms the outer component of the blastocyst?
• A dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum is called what?
• Which imaging finding is characteristic of portal hypertension on Doppler ultrasound?
• Which condition is a midline abdominal wall defect with no membranous covering and bowel contents outside the abdomen?
• The beam redirected back to the transducer after striking a media boundary is called
• Which complication is most likely associated with annular pancreas?
• The majority of ectopic pregnancies (about 95%) are located in which portion of the fallopian tube?
• Stable cavitation is typically characterized by microbubbles that do what?
• Begins ossification at 11 weeks and is generally ovoid in shape. Which structure is described?
• Which fertility assistance program inserts oocytes and sperm into the fallopian tube?
• Occurs in a diamniotic/monochorionic twin pregnancy, where blood is shunted through vein-to-vein and artery-artery anastomoses from the pump twin to the acardiac twin. Which term describes the acardiac twin?
• A multisystem autoimmune disorder with pronounced hyperthyroidism, enlarged thyroid, and exophthalmos is called?
• What is the alternative name for cordocentesis?
• Which syndrome (Trisomy 13) is characterized by severe anomalies with about 90% having cardiac defects and a poor prognosis?
• What is the term for the distance from a focused transducer to the center of the focal zone?
• What is the most common form of renal fusion?
• Which term refers to the rate at which ultrasound pulses are emitted by the transducer?
• Which material is attached to the front face of the transducer element to reduce reflections at the transducer surface?
• Which term means relating to space?
• Overt enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to increased intracranial pressure is called what?
• If a medium becomes denser while stiffness remains unchanged, what happens to the propagation speed?
• __________- pertaining to organs that are closely attatched to the posterior abdominal wall.
• During mid-gestation, visualization of which structure indicates the biliary tree is present?
• Which artery located inferior to the IMA and superior to the aortic bifurcation is a source of collateral flow to the lower extremity?
• What is the normal liver size at the midclavicular line?
• The left portal vein divides into which two branches?
• Which term describes the spatial aspect of ultrasound physics?
• What term denotes the original operating frequency of the system?
• Which tissue secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?
• What term describes a saccular outpouching of the mucous membrane through a tear in the muscular layer of the GI tract?
• Which term is used to describe unwanted beams produced by a multielement transducer that propagate away from the main beam?
• Which term describes sound with frequencies below human hearing?
• The junctional zone of the uterus refers to which anatomical layer?
• Fifty percent of neuroblastomas appear prior to which age?
• Which term describes experiments conducted on intact organisms?
• Post-cholecystectomy patients, the common bile duct diameter should not exceed how many millimeters?
• Which uterine layer is composed of three-layer thick smooth muscle?
• Which parameter is adjusted based on imaging depth to optimize imaging performance?
• Ossification of the cranium begins around the which week?
• According to Poiseuille's principle, how does increasing the vessel radius affect flow if pressure difference and viscosity remain constant?
• Which imaging sign is commonly associated with Arnold-Chiari II malformation and describes a banana-shaped cerebellum?
• Which term refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant, including the current pregnancy?
• A deficiency of calcium in the blood is called what?
• What is the name of the endometrium during pregnancy?
• The path toward and away from a reflector being different describes which phenomenon?
• What term describes the number of picture elements per inch?
• Metastatic disease involving the spleen most commonly originates from which cancer?
• The study of the human body at work is called?
• Which renal vein receives blood from the left gonadal vein and the left suprarenal vein?
• Which term refers to experimentation done in living tissue in an artificial environment outside the organism?
• Which term refers to the number of scan lines per frame in an ultrasound image?
• Pulsed Wave Instruments have the _____ output intensity.
• A lesion resulting from infarction or hemorrhage appearing as an anechoic area within brain tissue is called which condition?
• Gestational weeks 6-10 are termed the _____ phase.
• What is the term for a low-pressure bleed from implantation with hypoechoic fluid between the uterine wall and the gestational sac?
• Which physical phenomenon enables the transducer to convert acoustic energy into an electrical signal and vice versa?
• A fetal heart rate below 90 beats per minute is termed what?
• The cervix is anchored at the angle of the bladder by the...
• The splenic artery courses along the superior margin of which organ’s body and tail?
• What term refers to the portion of the endometrium on which the conceptus rests?
• Contrast in ultrasound imaging is determined by the machine and is manifested as differences in:
• What is the maximum inner-to-inner diameter of the yolk sac in early pregnancy ultrasound?
• Which focusing method involves timing the electrical outputs to listen in a specific direction and depth?
• Which sign is characterized by concavity of the frontal bones and is associated with spina bifida?
• The widening of the sound beam in the far field is called what?
• Mass found in the serosal surface of the uterus
• A small tumor or fluid collection at the connection of any tendon is called a
• Which neonatal chest/lung malformation is defined by replacement of normal pulmonary tissue with cysts and may be linked to GI or renal abnormalities?
• Which malformation involves downward displacement of the cerebellar vermis, fourth ventricle, and brainstem through the foramen magnum, often with banana sign and lemon sign?
• A blood test to assist in diagnosing certain fetal anomalies is called what?
• ________twins- zygote splits 10-14 days postfertilization
• What is the correct term for the duration of one cycle of the waveform?
• Which term describes a single ultrasound burst that contains several cycles traveling as a unit?
• Which term describes the distance around the boundary of a circle or object?
• The origin of almost all breast pathology is which structure?
• Which part of the epididymis is directly posterior to the testis?
• Which inflammatory condition is described as inflammation within the fallopian tube and appears as a thick tubular adnexal mass?
• Which Thermal Index relates to heating of Bone?
• The poly-oli sequence seen in monochorionic/diamniotic twins is also known as what?
• Which structure forms most of the lateral walls of the third ventricle and is part of the diencephalon?
• Which term describes reduced amniotic fluid volume?
• Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney is termed what?
• Which parameter controls the amplitude of the transmitted beam and the amplitude of the received echoes, ranging from 0 to 500 volts?
• Mass distorting the endometrium; least common site but most likely to cause symptoms
• Which index is used to quantify head shape by comparing width to length?
• What is the normal range for the length of the cervical os in centimeters?
• Which imaging mode provides two-dimensional imaging of moving structures in real time?
• Which adrenal gland lies posterior and lateral to the IVC?
• Inflammation within the fallopian tube, seen as a thick tubular adnexal mass with posterior enhancement, is called what?
• Operating by applying voltage pulses to a group of elements in succession describes which array configuration?
• The IVC is formed by the junction of which veins?
• Estrogen is secreted by the ______.
• The diaphragmatic crura lie anterior to which major abdominal vessel?
• Which Thermal Index relates to heating of Soft Tissue?
• A cyst located adjacent to the renal pelvis and may obstruct urine flow is called
• Which thyroid condition is classically linked with exophthalmos?
• Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women not on hormone therapy can shorten which structure and decrease cervical mucus?
• By which week are the four heart chambers formed?
• Which test uses placental tissue to obtain fetal chromosomes?
• Which cells secrete insulin in the pancreas?
• Which receiver function is specifically used to reduce noise and unwanted signals?
• Cysts arising from the cortex of the ovary are termed what?
• Ultrasound shows ventriculomegaly with dilated occipital horns and a dangling choroid plexus; which diagnosis is most likely?
• What term describes abnormally wide spacing of the orbits?
• Which lesion is not associated with pelvic surgery or inflammation and is typically located in the broad ligament?
• A large, flat, smooth surface tends to produce which type of reflection?
• Which ligament extends from the uterine cornua toward the pelvic sidewalls?
• Which artifact appears as a grainy texture in ultrasound images due to interference?
• What term describes the number of voltage pulses sent to the transducer each second?
• Which stage immediately follows fertilization and precedes implantation?
• The Reynolds number is used to predict whether blood flow in vessels is:
• Which term describes experiments conducted outside organisms in tubes or dishes?
• Which of the following best describes in vitro fertilization?
• What effect explains the pressure drop that occurs before a stenosis to allow acceleration into the constriction and deceleration afterward?
• The imaging display where the brightness is determined by the strength of the electron beam is called:
• What is the term for the amount of occupied space of an object in three dimensions?
• Which muscles arise from the sacrum and pass through the greater sciatic notch?
• Which term describes a series of closely spaced reverberation echoes behind a strong reflector?
• Which sequence correctly lists the four layers of the gallbladder wall from outermost to innermost?
• The PZT crystal converts electrical pulses into what type of pulses, and the returning echoes back into what pulses?
• Long, tightly coiled ducts that carry sperm from the testis to the vas deferens are called which structure?
• Air within the biliary tree is called which of the following?
• Protrusion of peritoneal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall is called what?
• What process describes conversion of sound energy into heat within tissue?
• Which transducer arrangement uses electronic focusing and electronic steering to shape the beam?
• Crescent-shaped cerebellum displayed with a coexisting neural tube defect is known as which sign?
• Ascending cholangitis is the most common cause of which hepatic lesion?
• Which pulsing strategy involves applying voltage to all elements with small time delays to steer and focus the beam?
• Demise of a twin that is too large to be reabsorbed is called which term?
• Which term describes a fibrous connective tissue layer that can function as a separate envelope around tissue?
• Benign invasive growth of the endometrium into the myometrium is known as which condition?
• As biliary obstruction progresses, how does the portal vein system appear on imaging?
• The quantity defined as force divided by area is known as?
• In duplex Doppler assessment for renal artery stenosis, a peak systolic velocity in the renal artery greater than 180 cm/s is often associated with which resistive index ratio value?
• Which infant liver tumor is most commonly a vascular tumor presenting in infancy?
• Endocrine functions of the pancreas... which cells secrete glucagon, which secrete insulin, and which secrete somatostatin, respectively?
• Which term represents the fraction of time that an ultrasound pulse is on?
• Which condition involves a brain within a cranial protrusion extending from the calvaria, most commonly in the occipital region?
• Which term refers to a distended cyst due to mucus in the appendix or colon?
• The space between the cerebellum and medulla oblongata is called the?
• Which toe deformity is associated with Down syndrome and involves increased distance between the first and second toes?
• Umbilical cord begins development around __-__ weeks.
• The artifact related to the finite thickness of the ultrasound beam is associated with which resolution?
• Which focusing method uses a single transducer element with a fixed focal depth to produce a sector image?
• In pediatric patients, which ovarian tumor is the most common malignant germ cell tumor?
• A congenital deformity characterized by fusion of the fingers or toes is called?
• Which term denotes the gestational stage defined by the presence of an embryo rather than a fetus?
• Which condition is defined by a thick, complex endometrium with retained products of conception?
• Fertilization is accomplished in a lab setting, and embryos are transferred into the endometrium. What is this procedure called?
• Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation?
• Which phenomenon arises from low-intensity sound waves interfering with each other, producing a grainy image?
• Hyperechoic bands within the endometrial cavity on ultrasound are most diagnostic of which condition?
• Which term is the name of the breast ligament that provides support to the parenchyma?
• The minimum number of samples required to avoid aliasing; Doppler shift frequency above which aliasing occurs is known as what?
• Which vascular tumor is the most common symptomatic hepatic tumor in infancy?
• What ultrasound finding is produced when the bladder wall muscle weakens, resulting in an anechoic outpouching?
• Which of the following is NOT a segment of the fallopian tube?
• Courvoisier sign refers to which clinical finding?
• A congenital abnormality where the intestine does not fold or rotate properly in early fetal development is known as?
• The liver is one of the most affected organs with IUGR. Which option is listed as such?
• Which term denotes the number of complete images displayed per second, typically 30–60?
• The most common benign gyn tumor of the myometrium is which?
• The technique that improves contrast and spatial and axial resolution using a series of pulses and gaps in the pulser is known as?
• The thick portion of the tunica albuginea is known as which structure?
• Distention of the appendix or colon with mucus is known as which condition?
• Mass distorting the myometrium; most common location.
• Which condition is described as the most common neural tube defect in this material?
• Benign liver lesion associated with a long history of oral contraceptives and glycogen storage disease type I is known as what?
• Where do fertilization to form a zygote commonly occur in the female reproductive tract?
• Which ovarian structure is defined as a mature follicle containing a cumulus mass with a single oocyte?
• Distance between the calvaria and posterior skin line is called what?
• In the abdominal aorta, the ectatic dilatation does not exceed how many centimeters?
• Which term refers to the conversion of pressure to electric voltage?
• Which procedure is used to analyze fetal chromosomes in early pregnancy, typically between 15-18 weeks?
• Which structure is regarded as the simplest functional unit of the breast?
• Ovarian volume is lowest during the ______ phase and highest during the ______ phase.
• On ultrasound, which finding is associated with an arachnoid cyst?
• Which structure is located between the hemispheres of the cerebellum?
• Which approach activates groups of elements in a sequence to scan the image?
• Which term describes the arrangement of multiple transducer elements with individual wiring and system electronics?
• Normal bladder wall thickness when empty and when distended are which pair of measurements in millimeters?
• The placenta forms from which combination of structures?
• A development defect of all CNS in which a sac containing spinal cord and meninges protrudes through a congenital cleft in the vertebral column is known as what?
• A dominant follicle grows at what rate per day?
• The midline connective tissue visible on the anterior abdominal wall is called the
• Which organ classification applies to the spleen?
• Which muscles are the lateral and superficial neck muscles located lateral to the thyroid lobes and strap muscles?
• Which term describes the dependence of velocity on frequency?
• A benign uterine neoplasm of the myometrium that can enlarge with hormones is called?
• Right hepatic artery gives rise to which artery to supply the gallbladder?
• Which cells secrete glucagon in the pancreas?
• In B-mode, which axis represents side-to-side or superior/inferior aspects of the body?
• Normal PSA value is ______ ng/mL.
• What is the narrowest part of the fallopian tube that passes through the cornua of the uterus?
• Multiple transducer elements with individual wiring and system electronics are referred to as
• Gallbladder varices are most commonly caused by which condition?
• Which artery gives rise to the cystic artery to supply the gallbladder?
• Destruction of fetal red blood cells due to maternal antibodies to fetal blood is known as?
• Which structure separates the subphrenic space into two compartments?
• What is the small tube that transports sperm from each testis to the prostatic urethra?
• Where is the epididymis primarily located relative to the testis?
• What is the term for average intensity throughout the pulse duration?
• In ultrasound imaging, high contrast results in which of the following?
• Excessively large tongue is termed what?
• Which term encompasses both axial resolution and lateral resolution?
• Alkaline phosphatase is produced by which tissues?
• What is the term for a focal collection of ectopic endometrium tissue commonly known as a chocolate cyst?
• ____ is directly related to the number of RBCs.
• What is the term for the distance or length of one complete cycle in a wave?
• Which term relates to the strength of the compression wave?
• The term for the condition in which the zygote develops into a blastocyst but the inner cell mass fails to develop is called?
• Rupture of a blood vessel at ovulation typically results in which type of ovarian cyst?
• The pelvic floor is formed by Levator ani along with which muscle?
• The ovarian layer that consists of follicles and is covered with the tunica albuginea is the...
• In male fetuses, a membrane in the posterior urethra causing urinary obstruction with a keyhole sign is characteristic of which condition?
• Normal endometrial thickness in a menarche patient should not exceed how many millimeters?
• Which component is used to protect the receiver from large voltages during transmission?
• An independent signal path consisting of a transducer element, delay, and other electronic components is called a:
• Which region of the pelvis lies above the pelvic brim?
• Which of the following gallbladder abnormalities is not always pathologic in origin?
• Which muscle forms the boundary between the thorax and abdomen and courses from anterior to posterior?
• In transverse fetal ultrasound, spina bifida may show which two shapes described by the letters U and V?
• Which endocrine disorder causes chronic anovulation, irregular menses, hirsutism, infertility and obesity?
• Which function increases small electric voltages received from the transducer to a level suitable for processing and is adjustable using the overall gain settings?
• TIS Stands for Thermal Index for Soft Tissue.
• Which syndrome results from chronic excessive cortisol production by the adrenal cortex?
• During which gestational week does the embryo unfold?
• What term describes a recess or sacculation in the walls of the ascending and transverse colon?
• Which unit represents one thousand cycles per second?
• Which statement best describes serous cystadenoma?
• Inflammation of the epididymis; commonly caused by a UTI and is the most common cause of which symptom?
• Hydronephrosis is diagnosed when the renal collecting system dilatation exceeds which measurement?
• Which congenital anomaly involves protrusion of the urinary bladder wall through the lower abdominal wall?
• What term describes a dilatation of the Aorta equal to or exceeding 3 cm in diameter?
• Which adrenal gland lies lateral to the aorta and posterior-medial to the splenic artery and tail of the pancreas?
• Which imaging sign describes a lemon-shaped cranium on fetal imaging?
• The spleen is a common site for metastasis from which cancer?
• Which ultrasound finding is the key diagnostic sign for posterior urethral valve obstruction?
• Which part of the beamformer is used to control beam steering and focusing in phased array scanning and also controls the size of the element and apodization?
• MSD measures which three dimensions?
• Applying voltage pulses to all elements in the array as a group, but with minor time difference, enabling multiple focal zones, beam steering and beam focusing is described by which term?
• Which ligament connects the liver to the proximal duodenum?
• A dilatation of the spermatic veins is known as what?
• A cyst arising from the rete testis is called what?
• Which boundary between media produces the highest reflection rate?
• The left adrenal gland lies posterior-medial to which combination of structures?
• Which term describes a mucous membrane outpouching through a tear in the muscular layer of the GI tract?
• The cone-shaped area of the prostate gland located deep in the peripheral zone is which zone?
• Which condition is characterized by abnormal proliferation of the trophoblast with placental changes, small cystic structures within the mass, vascular flow, and dramatically elevated HCG?
• What term refers to attenuation occurring with each centimeter that sound travels?
• Which term means holding and displaying one frame of the real-time sequence?
• Increasing frame rate will primarily improve which aspect of ultrasound imaging?
• What is the most common facial anomaly presenting as a defect of the upper lip?
• Which arteries are termed the hypogastric arteries?
• An extension of a double layer of peritoneum between visceral organs is best described as what?
• Which structure maintains a lower body temperature necessary for sperm survival?
• What term defines a nonpulsed wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely?
• Which condition is defined by an MPV exceeding 13 mm with hepatofugal, pulsatile flow and decreased blood flow velocity?
• A benign stromal tumor that produces estrogen.
• Approximately what is the one-way travel time for sound to travel 1 cm in soft tissue?
• Inward curving of the fifth finger is associated with Down syndrome; what is the term for this finding?
• Which ligament extends from the cornua of the uterus to the medial aspect of the ovary?
• Which ligament is a continuation of the broad ligament, extends across the pelvic floor and attaches at the isthmus portion of the uterus, firmly supporting the cervix?
• In transposition of the great vessels, which arrangement describes the great arteries?
• Which form of hydrops presents with edema at least in two sites and tachycardia of 200-240 bpm?
• The region where the ejaculatory ducts enter the urethra is known as what landmark?
• If impedance difference between two media is zero, reflection is which of the following?
• Presence of a bruit or thrill in a vessel is suggestive of which condition?
• Which fibroid type is located on the serosal surface of the uterus?
• A skull defect resulting in exposure or extrusion of the brain is known as which condition?
• Which tissue is NOT listed as a primary producer of alkaline phosphatase?
• A structure located on the posterior border of the testis courses between the abdominal cavity and scrotum through the inguinal canal and contains arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics, seminal duct, fatty and connective tissue.
• Which arteries primarily supply breast tissue?
• Two near zone lengths are equal to what dimension of the transducer?
• Which condition is described by destruction of the cerebral cortex due to vascular compromise or congenital infection, with brain tissue replaced by CSF?
• Arise from the lateral aspect of the aorta inferior to the renal arteries, and are the primary blood supply to the ovaries.
• Which cells secrete somatostatin in the pancreas?
• What is the time between the beginning of one cycle and the beginning of the next cycle?
• Which condition is characterized by 45 chromosomes with a single X chromosome and affects female fetuses?
• What term denotes the smallest unit of volume in a 3D ultrasound image?
• Ovulation is regulated by which structure within the brain?
• The strawberry skull sign is associated with which chromosomal abnormality?
• The four arteries on each side of the aorta inferior to the gonadal arteries and superior to the IMA are called the lumbar arteries. Which of the following is the correct name?
• Which enzyme breaks down fats?
• Which term describes the effects on the sound beam caused by the medium, including pressure, density, and particle motion?
• Which sonographic sign describes the choroid plexus as dangling in the setting of ventriculomegaly?
• An anechoic fluid collection in the fetal chest is most commonly due to a malformation of which structure?
• Two specific intensity values are cited in relation to unfocused transducers: 100 mW/cm2 and 1 W/cm2.
• Which term refers to the storage of echo information for processing and display?
• Which resolution is located perpendicular to the scan plane and equals the section thickness?
• In the typical fetal heart orientation, which chamber is most posterior?
• Which duct transports sperm from the testis toward the prostatic urethra?
• Which region distal to the focal point has a more uniform beam intensity?
• A small solid structure located posterior to the epididymal head is called which of the following?
• Which anatomical feature corresponds to the left border of the stomach that is longer and convex?
• Cystic hygroma presents sonographically as which of the following features?
• Appearance of the dilated bladder superior to obstructed male urethra is known as which sign?
• The major and minor calyces drain into which structure?
• Attenuation is composed of which components?
• Which term refers to the capability of doing work?
• In B-mode, which axis represents depth?
• What is the peak intensity found across the sound beam?
• What is greatest during a pulse?
• Ischemic necrosis of tubular cells in the kidney is called what?
• Reflection is greatest when there is a very large difference in impedance between media. Which option best describes this condition?
• The left portal vein divides into which two branches?
• Which term is defined as the ratio of the largest to the smallest amplitude the system can handle?
• Chocolate cyst is another name for which condition?
• Which memory type allows access of stored data in an unsystematic order?
• Which term describes the comparison between the bandwidth and the operating frequency?
• Which term would you use to describe the potential for bubble formation under ultrasound exposure?
• The connective tissue separating the peripheral and central zones of the prostate gland is termed what?
• The yolk sac is no longer visible on ultrasound beginning in which gestational week?
• Which imaging format emits pulses from different starting points and directions, combining linear sequential and linear phased array technologies to create a trapezoidal image?
• Which hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction without affecting cardiac output?
• Which resolution describes the ability to distinguish two structures in a path perpendicular to the sound beam?
• Which ultrasound sign is described as a thick hyperechoic rim surrounding a sonolucency and indicates an intrauterine pregnancy?
• The term describing the energy delivered to tissue by ultrasound is?
• Gonadal arteries arise from which aspect of the aorta inferior to the renal arteries?
• The renal enzyme that influences blood pressure is
• Shortening of all portions of a limb is called what?
• The near zone length is equal to what fraction of the beam diameter?
• Which ovarian stromal tumor is well known for estrogen production and can cause hyperestrogenism?
• Which arteries ascend in a tortuous course lateral to the uterus within the broad ligament and supply the cervix, vagina, uterus, ovaries and Fallopian tubes?
• Which transducer type is composed of separate transmit and receiver elements housed in a single transducer, with frequency determined by the machine's electrical frequency and lacking backing material, resulting in a narrow bandwidth?
• If a medium becomes stiffer while density remains the same, what happens to propagation speed?
• Which of the following is not listed as one of the receiver’s five fundamental functions?
• Altered or uninterrupted forward flow found at bifurcations and mild obstructions is best described as which flow type?
• In pediatric populations, what age range is nephroblastoma most commonly diagnosed?
• During the secretory phase, the endometrium is best described as which morphology?
• In laminar flow, the average flow velocity is equal to what fraction of the maximum velocity at the center?
• Which term describes the grainy appearance on a sonogram caused by interference of multiple echoes?
• Tissue harmonics are created during transmission; Contrast harmonics are created during receiving. Which pairing is correct?
• A cyst that enlarges due to hormonal stimulation and is typically defined as greater than 3 cm is classified as what?
• The uterus bends forward, 90 degrees with the vaginal canal is called what?
• Prolapse of the distal ureter into the urinary bladder is called
• Amniotic fluid above the normal range for gestational age is called?
• The branch of science that investigates when and how diseases occur in populations is called?
• What is the term for the formation of gas bubbles in tissue due to pressure changes during ultrasound, which can cause tissue damage?
• What is the outer portion of the kidney called?
• What is the name of a fluid collection containing lymph from an injured lymph vessel, commonly associated with organ transplant and lymph node removal?
• What term refers to the thickness of tissue required to reduce the incident sound intensity by one half?
• Which statement best describes the effect of density and stiffness on propagation speed?
• Group of bits is known as:
• Junction of the anterior, occipital and temporal horns of the lateral ventricle is known as?
• Polyorchidism is defined as which of the following?
• Gonadal arteries arise inferior to which arteries?
• Destruction of the cerebral cortex resulting from vascular compromise or congenital infection, with brain tissue replaced by CSF and the brain stem spared, describes which condition?
• Which type of pancreatic cystadenoma arises from the ducts and has malignant potential, often presenting as multiloculated lesions that may have irregular margins or displace the CBD and pancreatic duct?
• Which mechanism compensates for the loss of echo strength caused by depth, is operator adjustable, and provides equal amplification for all reflectors?
• Which foramen connects the lesser sac with the greater sac in the peritoneal cavity?
• The most common clinical finding with hemangiosarcoma is anemia.
• A rare benign splenic neoplasm composed of lymphoid tissue, also known as splenoma.
• The dome shaped widest portion of the uterus is called what?
• HCG peaks at which week?
• Which region lies between the transducer and the focus and is conical in shape?
• Which device charges vary the brightness of the display and is found in older machines?
• Partial renal function failure characterized by less than normal urine output describes
• Hyperechoic bowel on ultrasound is associated with which condition?
• Dilatation of an artery as a result of damage to one or more layers of the arterial wall caused by trauma or aneurysm rupture; also known as a pulsatile hematoma is called
• What term refers to a traveling variation of acoustic variables?
• What is the term for the surface region located between the symphysis pubis and the coccyx?
• Monochorionic/diamniotic twinning refers to what placental arrangement?
• Sharp, flank pain radiating to the groin is characteristic of
• 13 microseconds is the round-trip travel time for sound to travel how many centimeters in soft tissue?
• Which ligament extends from the upper cervix to the lateral margins of the sacrum, firmly supporting the cervix?
• The apex of the renal pyramid through which urine exits is called?
• Which term is used to denote a gestational sac with no embryo, commonly known as blighted ovum?
• Which term refers to the component of a waveform related to its frequency content?
• ________ twins- zygote splits 5-10 days after fertilization
• Pelviectasis exceeding 10 mm on prenatal imaging indicates which condition?
• Which vessels lie posterior to the uterus and ovaries and supply the bladder, uterus, vagina, and rectum?
• The endometrium demonstrates the greatest thickness during which phase?
• Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
• Which rare malformation results from failure of the ventral body wall and includes limb defects, wall defects, and facial defects?
• Which condition describes excessive fat in the renal sinus?
• Which term describes suppression or elimination of small-amplitude voltages from weak reflections?
• Which term describes the process of turning the negative half of a signal into positive voltages?
• Which renal region contains the loops of Henle and collecting tubules?
• Abnormal smallness of one or both eyes is known as which condition?
• The term for shortening of the entire limb segments is which?
• A cortical bulge on the lateral side of the kidney is called which of the following terms?
• Which fibrous capsule surrounds the testis?
• Which congenital condition is described as obstruction of the ureteric orifice with hyperechoic septation seen within the bladder at the ureteric orifice?
• Which term describes a twisting of the intestines that can compromise blood flow?
• Which syndrome presents with decreased AFP levels, low-set ears, hyperechoic bowel, duodenal atresia, and a nuchal fold greater than 6 mm?
• Which term means the dependence of velocity or other physical parameters on frequency?
• Which term refers to intrauterine adhesions that can cause infertility?
• Which memory type is described as data that cannot be modified after storage?
• Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta is the most lethal, with bone shortening and a bell-shaped chest?
• Which term is used to compare two sound waves by relating their amplitudes or intensities?
• Among the following, which contains the greatest portion of circulating blood at rest?
• Prolapse of one segment of bowel into the lumen of an adjacent segment is called?
• Which structure lies between the two thalami in the fetal brain?
• What term means one complete variation of pressure?
• Which statement best describes the spatial distribution of beam intensity?
• In the fetal liver, which lobe is commonly larger?
• Which term refers to reflections that are angle dependent and occur as a single directional reflection?
• What is the term for multiple echoes received at the same time causing a grainy appearance on the display?
• Which disease is characterized by inflammation of the intestines most frequently in the ileum?
• Which numerical value is commonly used as the threshold for turbulence in a vessel?
• The left lobe of the liver is divided by which structures?
• In portal hypertension, the splenic vein shunts blood directly into the _______.
• When a person is lying flat, venous pressure is generally at its:
• The amount of cul-de-sac fluid reaches peak volume in the early ______ phase.
• Shortening of the long bones of the hands and feet is called what?
• The smallest distinguishable part of a 3D image is called:
• Klatskin tumor is a malignant tumor located at the junction of which ducts?
• Polycystic disease of the liver can also be found in which organs?
• Mycotic aneurysm is caused by what?
• Distance from the anterior wall of the aorta to the posterior wall of the SMA should not exceed ____ mm.
• Which ovarian tumor is described as arising from the wall of a follicle and is the most common primary ovarian neoplasm?
• Which of the following is true about the decidua?
• The blastocyst consists of an outer layer and an inner cell mass. What is the name of the outer layer?
• Gas in the gallbladder wall or gallbladder lumen is most characteristic of which condition?
• Which tumor is the most common malignant liver tumor in children aged three years or younger?
• What term describes assigning a brightness value to a missing pixel?
• A benign enlargement of the prostatic gland; noninflammatory condition is known as which term?
• Which imaging technique uses two pulses per scan line, with the second pulse inverse of the first, to improve axial resolution?
• Loss of estrogen in postmenopausal women without HRT commonly leads to what regarding cervical mucus production?
• Which finding is most suggestive of an arteriovenous shunt?
• Which zone of the prostate is the largest, located under the capsule and makes up about 70% of glandular tissue?
• A congenital anomaly of the pia-arachnoid layer with splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres is known as what?
• Ninety percent of gallstones coexist with which condition?
• In M-mode, which axis represents time?
• Dilatation of the renal pelvis is best described as
• The amnion attaches to which portion of the embryo?
• In twin to twin transfusion syndrome, the arterial blood from the donor twin flows into which vascular compartment of the recipient twin?
• The ovaries have dual blood supply through the ovarian and uterine arteries. Which option expresses this pair?
• Which ultrasound finding is most characteristic of Krukenberg tumors?
• Which breast layer is the premammary layer, composed of fat, connective tissue and contains Cooper’s ligaments?
• The ultrasound finding described as a flattened occiput and a strawberry-shaped skull is associated with which chromosomal condition?
• Monochorionic/diamniotic placentation implies what?
• Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta presents with bowing of long bones, possible fractures, a normal head size, and wrinkled bones?
• The scar that remains after degeneration of the corpus luteum is called what?
• Which term describes the still image captured from the live sequence by pausing display?
• Which region of the sound beam has a diameter that increases with distance from the transducer?
• What term is defined as the number of cycles in a wave occurring in one second?
• What is the term for the ability to distinguish two structures along a path parallel to the sound beam, which is directly related to operating frequency and depends on the transducer and the medium?
• Which ligament is also known as Mackenrodt's ligament?
• Which phase follows ovulation?
• Which term describes the process by which the energy is redirected back toward the transducer due to encountering a boundary?
• The benign hepatic lesion associated with long-term oral contraceptive use is best described as which of the following?
• Which spina bifida type is characterized by an uncovered defect with elevated AFP levels?
• The reduction of echo amplitude from reflectors behind a strong attenuating structure is known as:
• Which sign is caused by thickening of the nuchal fold in the fetus and is associated with chromosomal abnormalities?
• Which condition is characterized by midline fusion of the orbits with a single midline eye and is associated with holoprosencephaly and trisomy 13?
• Which is the most common cause of discordant growth in dichorionic gestations?
• The Müllerian ducts are responsible for development of which structure?
• Fetal kidneys may be identified as early as which gestational age?
• The Reynolds number provides insight into which aspect of flow in vessels?
• A fetal heart rate exceeding 170 beats per minute is called what?
• Which term describes the average intensity across the entire beam area?
• By about 13 weeks, which organ is reliably seen in the left upper quadrant and indicates normal swallowing?
• The structures appearing as hypoechoic vesicles on ultrasound located superior to the prostate and posterior to the bladder are which?
• Which term refers to the area where the sound beam is most concentrated at the focus?
• Which muscles form the lateral margins of the true pelvis surrounding the obturator foramen at the level of the vagina and lateral to the ovaries?
• The structure that consists of a vermis and two lateral horns and is located in the posterior fossa is the?
• What is the average intensity during the pulse repetition period?
• Protrusion of nasal tissue above the orbits is called what?
• Which hormone stimulates growth and maturation of the Graafian follicles?
• Which condition describes the presence of both an extrauterine and intrauterine pregnancy, typically with a complex adnexal mass and posterior cul-de-sac fluid?
• A hard, compacted mass of feces in the colon is known as?
• Which foot deformity is characterized by persistent inversion of the foot with malalignment?
• Bowel atresia presents as obstruction usually in the distal small bowel with which ultrasound finding?
• What is the term for resistance of a material to compression?
• What term describes the ratio of amplifier output to input of electrical power?
• Which artery supplies the left transverse colon, descending colon, upper rectum and sigmoid colon?
• Which statement is true about the Terminal Ductal Lobular Unit?
• Which transducer array best produces sector-shaped images due to its curved geometry?
• Which term refers to an image that extends beyond the normal transducer display limits?
• Which muscles form the lateral margins of the true pelvis surrounding the obturator foramen?
• Which term describes the greatest intensity during the ultrasound pulse?
• Which term describes additional weak beams traveling from a single element transducer in directions different from the primary beam?
• Klatskin tumor is located at the junction of which ducts near the hepatic hilum?
• Which artifact is described as horizontal enhancement or banding at focal zones due to improper brightness?
• An unusually mobile kidney that descends toward the pelvis is known as what?
• Which artifact results from two closely spaced reflectors and appears as a dense tail behind the reflector?
• Which term describes abnormally heavy or long menses?
• The embryonic remnant of the fusion site between the upper and lower poles of the kidney is called what?
• Which timing of zygote split yields monochorionic/diamniotic twins?
• Twins that result from a single fertilized ovum are called?
• Which index relates to the heating of tissue?
• Which term describes unusual early onset of puberty?
• Which quantity is determined by the stiffness and density of the medium?
• Esophageal atresia is commonly associated with which of the following?
• Subacute thyroiditis secondary to a viral infection is known as?
• Which pediatric renal mass is described as an echogenic malignant solid tumor?
• Which procedure permits direct viewing of the developing fetus?
• Hepatomegaly is suspected when the liver size exceeds what measurement?
• The term for inflammation of the testis commonly linked to chlamydia is which?
• Cavitation parameters include which of the following sets?
• Which term describes absence of menstruation?
• Which term describes a congenital condition with more digits than normal?
• The length of MSD increases by approximately how many millimeters per day?
• Which defect is characterized by an aorta arising from the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries arising from the left ventricle?
• Which distance between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery should not exceed 11 millimeters?
• What is the duration of an ultrasound pulse from start to end?
• Bleeding into the biliary tree that can be associated with liver biopsy, blunt trauma, or rupture of a hepatic artery aneurysm is called what?
• Which region of the beam between the transducer and the focal point decreases in size as it approaches the focus?
• Which component receives, amplifies and modifies echo information returning from the transducer?
• Which artifact results from repeated reflections between strong reflectors, creating multiple identical echoes over time?
• Which vessel receives blood from the gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract?
• A surface that reflects energy predominantly in a single direction is described as:
• Which term describes the concentration of the sound beam into a smaller area?
• The ovaries have dual blood supply through the ______ and _____ arteries.
• Which components are included in spatial resolution?
• What structure separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum in the posterior fossa?
• Which term represents the act passed by Congress to assure safe and healthful working conditions?
• A general classification for inflammatory conditions of the cervix, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes and peritoneal surfaces is called what?
• Which structure is the initial site of alpha-fetoprotein production?
• Diaphragmatic hernia results from a failure of the diaphragm to close, allowing abdominal contents to herniate into the chest. Which side is more commonly affected?
• The opening at the upper end of the stomach is called which of the following?
• Which organ's echogenicity is described as moderately echogenic and can reflect changes in fetal growth?
• In the first trimester, which adnexal mass is most commonly observed and associated with progesterone production?
• Outward bending or twisting of the elbow is called what?
• The matching layer's purpose is to improve impedance matching between the crystal and tissue.
• Which artifact appears as a duplicate of anatomy on the opposite side of a strong reflector?
• Exceeding how many millimeters of nuchal translucency is considered abnormal?
• What is the average intensity across the entire sound beam?
• Which statement accurately describes the origins of the renal arteries?
• Abnormal cartilage deposits at the long bone epiphyses indicate which skeletal dysplasia?
• A larger width transducer produces a longer near zone length, while a smaller width transducer produces a shorter near zone length. Which term describes this relationship?
• Twins that result from two separate fertilized ova are called?
• The central portion of the kidney contains major and minor calyces and part of the renal pelvis. What is this central region called?
• Which describes the natural frequency of the transducer; determined by propagation speed and thickness in pulsed ultrasound and by the electrical frequency in continuous wave?
• Fetal growth abnormally resulting in a proportionally small fetus is referred to as?
• Which component directs the driving voltages from the pulser and pulse delays to the transducer during transmission and protects the receiver components from the large driving voltages of the pulse?
• The blunt apex of the renal pyramid is referred to as what?
• An obstruction of the small intestines is called?
• Most common benign splenic neoplasm?
• Which term describes filling in a missing brightness value for a pixel in an image?
• Which decidual layer covers the surface of the implanted conceptus?
• What term means the distance around the perimeter of an object?
• Harmonic imaging utilizes harmonics derived from the fundamental frequency; which of the following best describes a characteristic of harmonic imaging?
• An artifactual grayscale, color flow, or Doppler signal appearing on the opposite side of a strong reflector is called what?
• Middle suprarenal arteries arise ______ to the abdominal aorta.
• Which part of the epididymis is posterior and inferior to the testes?
• What is the piezoelectric component of the transducer assembly called?
• Which term refers to the total range of frequencies present in the emitted ultrasound pulse?
• Which measurement is used to assess soft tissue thickness at the back of the fetal head and is typically limited to 20 weeks gestation?
• Which term is used for the process that transfers echo data into a format suitable for grayscale imaging?
• Which device is responsible for storing echo amplitudes as binary numbers for display stability?
• The muscular organ described as being covered by peritoneum except below the anterior cervical os and supported by the levator ani muscles, cardinal ligaments and uterosacral ligaments is the
• Macrocystic cystadenoma can displace which ducts?
• Elevation of which blood value is seen with dehydration, shock, polycythemia vera and infection?
• Vascular structures are most prominent in which portion of the scrotum?
• Osteogenesis imperfecta is described as having a wrinkled appearance of bones with bowing; which type matches this description with a normal head size?
• A structural abnormality of the caudal end of the neural tube, more common in diabetic patients, presents as absent sacrum and fused pelvis or short femurs. This is known as?
• What is the length of time calculated from the first day of the LMP?
• Which term describes the thickness of the scanned tissue perpendicular to the scan plane, determined by the transducer?
• Smallest functioning unit of the breast is called what?
• Which property is highest in the center of the sound beam and falls off toward the periphery?
• A cyst located beside the renal pelvis that can obstruct the kidney is called
• ______- malignant tumor of the adrenal gland found in young children.
• In laminar flow through a long straight tube, what happens to resistance as tube length increases?
• Contrast harmonics are created while which process?
• Which fascia separates the prostate and rectum and is an important landmark for radical prostatectomy?
• Which congenital disorder is described by two or more major defects, including cardiac defects, abdominal wall defects, ectopia cordis, and diaphragmatic hernia?
• Which description best matches a Gartner duct cyst?
• Which extraembryonic membrane lines the chorion and contains the fetus and amniotic fluid?
• Which midline defect is covered by amnion and peritoneum, with a mass entering the umbilical cord and AFP normal or elevated?
• ______ cell tumors are hormonal neoplasms and are likely to cause an increase in estrogen.
• Which ultrasound wave has the highest heat potential?
• The effect of ultrasound waves on living organisms, including their composition, function, growth, origin, development, and distribution is called?
• Redirection of a portion of the sound beam back to the transducer is known as
• With perpendicular incidence, approximately what percent of the incident beam is transmitted?
• In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, which twin often presents with oligohydramnios on ultrasound?
• Which term describes a dilation of an artery that is a pulsatile hematoma due to rupture?
• A deficiency of calcium in the blood is medically termed which condition?
• What term describes the weakening of sound as it propagates through a medium?
• Partial failure to completely reabsorb the septum after Mullerian duct fusion results in the structure known as subseptae.
• Benign neoplasm protruding from the posterior wall of the sacrum and may extend from the abdomen to the pelvis, appearing as a solid or complex mass from the fetal rump?
• At what Reynolds number is flow typically considered turbulent in a vessel?
• Secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone is controlled by which gland?
• Which term describes a fibrous connective tissue membrane that may be separate from other structures?
• Interaction of the sound wave with microscopic gas bubbles found in tissues is called?
• The narrow waist of the uterus, lower uterine segment during pregnancy, is called what?
• Which term describes echoes at twice the transmitted frequency that improve image quality?
• The most common causes of infertility are due to which issue?
• Regions of low pressure or density in a compression wave are called
• An anomalous sac protruding from the ileum due to incomplete closure of the yolk stalk is known as what?
• Spatial resolution is directly related to which factor related to the scan lines?
• Which term refers to a series of pulses and gaps that enables multiple focal zones and harmonic imaging, and occurs in the pulser?
• Uterine body displaced to the right of the cervix is called what?
• Overlapping of the cranial bones associated with fetal demise is known as which sign?
• The renal arteries are located ____ - _____ inferior to the SMA.
• Enlargement of a column of Bertin that extends into the renal pyramids is called what?
• What term refers to the visualization of the amniotic cavity without the presence of an embryo?
• Which liver tumor marker is used for hepatocellular carcinoma in nonpregnant adults?
• In imaging, dilation of the renal pelvis is referred to as
• The most common type of growth abnormality demonstrating normal cranial growth and a decrease in abdominal growth is:
• What term describes focal or generalized enlargement of lymph nodes?
• The renal medulla pyramids primarily contain which structures?
• Which structure divides into right and left branches to supply the liver?
• What is the primary or most common caval neoplasm of the inferior vena cava?
• Studies of various factors determining the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human body are called?
• Completion of fetal organogenesis typically occurs by which gestational week?
• Which ovarian mass is typically bilateral and results from metastasis of gastric carcinoma?
• Ectopic pancreatic tissue is usually located in the stomach, duodenum and which other site?
• Which system is the first to function in fetal development?
• Transvaginal identification of the gestational sac occurs at approximately which HCG level?
• What term denotes the fluid filled sac structure normally found in the uterus, containing pregnancy?
• A material attached to the rear of the transducer element to reduce pulse duration
• Which autoimmune thyroiditis is the leading cause of hypothyroidism and carries an increased risk for thyroid malignancy?
• The field concerned with the study of how the human body operates in work environments is called?
• A genitourinary abnormality or IUGR is associated with which amniotic fluid finding, often with AFI 5 cm or pocket < 1 cm?
• The epididymis is divided into which three parts?
• Which deformity refers to inward curvature of the little finger and is associated with Down syndrome?
• Thickening of the fetal nuchal fold associated with chromosomal abnormalities is termed what?
• Which portion of the fallopian tube is widest, longest, and most coiled, and is the common site of fertilization?
• Which term is described as the decidua composed of the capsularis and parietalis, presenting a thick hyperechoic rim around a sonolucency and indicative of a viable intrauterine pregnancy?
• Which term describes ultrasound incidence when the beam hits the boundary at a non-90-degree angle?
• Which bilirubin fraction is unconjugated?
• The vagina is enclosed between the...
• What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
• Which sign is associated with neural tube defects such as open spina bifida?
• Which ligament is a winglike double fold of peritoneum that drapes over the fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries, and blood vessels, extending from the lateral walls of the uterus to the sidewalls of the pelvis?
• In the acardia twin scenario, the twin that supplies blood to the acardiac twin is known as the?
• Which term describes experimentation performed in or on the living tissue of a whole living organism?
• Which breast structure serves as the drainage channel from the lobes toward the nipple?
• Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid between the two layers of tunica vaginalis is called which of the following?
• Which term describes a congenital abnormality in which the intestine fails to rotate properly during fetal development?
• Which artery, branch of the common hepatic artery, courses toward the left to supply the stomach and often originates from the splenic artery?
• Which anatomical feature is a bony ridge on the inner surface of the ilium and pubic bones that divides the true and false pelvis?
• Fibrosis surrounding large vessels in the lumbar region is best described as which condition?
• Which hormone is essential in both male and female reproduction?
• A uniform dilatation of the arterial walls; most common type of aneurysm is called what?
• What structure connects the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus?
• Nuchal translucency is no longer accurate once the crown rump length exceeds which measurement?
• Which ovarian tumor class often presents on ultrasound as a large unilocular or multilocular cyst?
• Which term corresponds to the displayed image of the returning echoes?
• Which decidual layer lines the remaining portion of the uterine cavity not occupied by the implanted conceptus?
• The double bubble sign on prenatal imaging is most indicative of which condition?
• Which condition describes the transfer of arterial blood from the donor twin into the recipient twin's venous system?
• The capsule surrounding the ovary is the tunica albuginea. Which term is this?
• Temperature to which a material is raised while in the presence of a strong electrical field, to yield piezoelectric properties
• Which congenital tumor appears as a mass at the end of the spine near the coccyx and may be detected as a complex pelvic mass in newborns?
• Which condition is typically associated with oligohydramnios and can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia due to lack of fetal urine production?
• Which imaging technique reduces speckle and noise by combining data from multiple viewing angles?
• Which tumor is hormonally active and tends to cause estrogen-related symptoms due to hormone production?
• Which quantity describes the ability to perform work?
• The space between the leaves of the septum pellucidum is called which of the following?
• The term for a traveling variation of acoustic variables is?
• Which aperture increases as the focal length increases to minimize changes in beam width?
• Which renal structure is a network of capillaries involved in filtration?
• Retained products of conception with a thick complex endometrium and a gestational sac containing a nonviable embryo, with abnormally rising HCG describes which condition?
• Secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone is controlled by which gland?
• If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses, and progesterone levels will do what?
• Within the broad ligament, which arteries ascend to supply the cervix, vagina, uterus, ovaries, and Fallopian tubes?
• Orchitis refers to inflammation of which organ?
• Transient cavitation is most likely to occur under which condition?
• Meckel diverticulum is an anomalous sac protruding from which part of the GI tract?
• MSD is measured until which gestational week?
• What term describes abnormally close spacing of the orbits?
• Which ligament connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver?
• Ability to distinguish two structures along a path parallel to the sound beam is called
• Which condition is the most common skeletal dysplasia?
• Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
• Which pancreatic anomaly is caused by the failure of regression of the left ventral bud?
• What term denotes the physical size of the effective emitting area of a single transducer element?
• What percentage of twin pregnancies will deliver a singleton pregnancy?
• A decrease in serum amylase levels can be associated with which condition?
• Islet cell tumors can either be functional or non-functional. Which term correctly identifies this tumor type?
• A Doppler shift occurs when the received frequency is greater than the transmitted frequency. This shift is described as:
• Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?
• Which pair correctly states normal bladder wall thickness for empty and distended states?
• ________ twins- zygote splits 3-5 days after fertilization
• Hematocolpos refers to blood accumulation in which location?
• Two steps of demodulation?
• Which memory type stores data that cannot be modified?
• Which device is used to convert digital values back to analog voltages to drive the display brightness?
• Which law predicts flow in a long, straight vessel and is directly related to pressure differences and the radius of the vessel?
• Which tumor is the most common primary caval neoplasm of the inferior vena cava?
• The tissue of the kidney that consists of the nephrons is called
• Failure of the callosal fibers to form a normal connection may be partial or complete and is associated with a dilated third ventricle and outward angling of the horns. What is this condition called?
• What term describes the range of frequencies found in pulsed ultrasound?
• From which major vessel do the ovarian arteries originate?
• Which flow has essentially constant velocity across the vessel and is found in large arteries?
• What term describes the resistance to the propagation of sound through a medium?
• Which descriptor is commonly used for a mature dermoid tumor on ultrasound?
• Which flow pattern is random and chaotic with eddies and multiple velocities?
• Transient cavitation is associated with which pulse characteristic?
• Elevated alpha-fetoprotein and coexisting spinal defects in a fetus are characteristic of which anomaly?
• Which pouch is located between the bladder and uterus?
• Which muscle forms the pelvic floor along with the piriformis and is located posterior to the vagina and cervix?
• Which term describes cycles with intervals longer than 35 days?
• Which cephalic index value is typically associated with a brachycephalic head shape?
• The presence of a single or multiple palpable cysts in the breast is known as what?
• The left lobe of the liver is divided by the left hepatic veins and ligamentum teres. Which option states this correctly?
• A small soft-tissue mass near a tendon sheath that is a cystic lesion containing gelatinous fluid is most accurately called a
• What term describes the partitions between the two uterine cavities due to incomplete resorption of the septum?
• Normal sonographic findings of a renal transplant include...
• Which surrounds and protects the fetus and reflects kidney and placental function, with the fetus contributing through urination and swallowing after 16 weeks?
• The greatest portion of circulating blood is located in the:
• Reflectors appear in the correct number but at an incorrect depth; slower speeds place them too deep, displacing structures axially. Which artifact is this?
• Which term describes severe generalized edema often observed with hydrops fetalis?
• Which term describes a complete scan of the ultrasound beam, with the image composed of multiple scan lines?
• Which syndrome is commonly described by macroglossia and omphalocele among other features?
• Harmonics imaging decreases which resolution?
• Which congenital defect presents as a small anterior abdominal wall defect with a normal cord insertion and typically contains peritoneum in the sac?
• Macroglossia is a feature often observed in which prenatal syndrome besides Beckwith-Wiedemann?
• Cardiac output is calculated as stroke volume x heart rate. Which choice represents this formula?
• Cisterna magna enlargement beyond 1.0 cm with ventriculomegaly and cerebellar hemispheric crowding is most consistent with which condition?
• Which phenomenon is produced when echoes are placed too superficially because a second pulse was emitted before all reflections have returned from the first pulse?
• Which term is the complete scan of the ultrasound beam, producing a single image made up of multiple scan lines?
• The inability of the kidneys to excrete waste, concentrate urine and conserve electrolytes describes
• Absence of one or both kidneys with pulmonary hypoplasia due to oligohydramnios is known as which condition?
• Calcification of the gallbladder wall is classically known as which condition?
• What is the simplest functional unit of the breast?
• Which renal poles lie more anterior and lateral?
• Which pair of signs on fetal ultrasound are classically described in open neural tube defects, with the cerebellum appearing banana-shaped and the frontal bones forming a lemon sign?
• Which disease results from maternal antibodies against fetal red blood cells?
• What term is used for a developing zygote through the 10th week?
• If speed increases, what happens to the pressure energy?
• Which component stores memory as binary numbers?
• Which muscles lie on the anterior surface of the vertebral column and are posterior to the thyroid lobe and CCA?
• Close monitoring of which hormone occurs during ovulation induction therapy?
• Antiestrogen medication used in treating breast cancer
• Which artifact is caused by slower speed of sound in tissue, causing reflectors to appear deeper than they are?
• Which function determines the time of flight location and the amplitude of the reflected echoes and transforms them into signals suitable for display?
• Which cephalic index value is associated with a brachycephalic head shape?
• Which structure is composed of blood vessels or nerve fibers?
• Which component produces pulses for each electrical pulse applied and receives returning echo reflections, producing an electrical voltage?
• Opening at the lower end of the stomach is called what?
• Which ligament creates the retrouterine and vesicouterine pouches?
• A contained rupture presenting as a vascular cavity after an aortic graft is most consistent with which complication?
• Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland associated with Graves disease is called what?
• Which term describes flow where layers slide over each other with maximum velocity at the center and slowest near the walls, found in smaller arteries?
• Which structure is the midline tendon of the anterior abdominal wall extending from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis?
• What is the term for the rate at which energy is transmitted over a specific area?
• Which artery is a branch of the common hepatic artery and lies between the superior portion of the duodenum and the anterior surface of the pancreatic head?
• Band of white matter connecting the cerebral hemispheres and involved in learning and memory is which structure?
• The thickness of a PZT element is typically equal to what fraction of the emitted wavelength?
• Portal hypertension is suggested when the main portal vein diameter exceeds 13 mm and Doppler shows which combination of features?
• Which structure produces testosterone and germinates sperm?
• What term describes abnormal interstitial accumulation of fluid in body cavities and soft tissues, with findings such as anasarca, ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, placentomegaly, and polyhydramnios?
• What term describes the ability to distinguish two structures lying perpendicular to the sound beam?
• The narrow median part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres is called?
• A cyst around the renal pelvis that does not obstruct the kidney is known as
• The adrenal glands reside in which fascia within the perinephric space?
• What term describes disturbances that reduce image clarity?
• Gestation greater than 42 weeks is known as what?
• Which zone of the prostate is described as cone-shaped and located deep in the peripheral zone?
• The widening of the ultrasound beam in the far field is called which term?
• What is the term for the distance over which a pulse occurs?
• A cephalic index of 85% corresponds to which head shape?
• The peripheral zone occupies which regions of the prostate?
• Which artifact consists of equally spaced reflections with depth, due to waves bouncing between two strong reflectors, appearing ladder-like parallel to the beam?
• Which of the following is the most common benign splenic neoplasm?
• Which transducer array features a curved line of elements and produces a sector-shaped image with electronic focusing and electronic steering?
• A substitute for luteinizing hormone used in fertility assistance to trigger ovulation is called what?
• What is the duct that transports sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory ducts?
• Right renal artery arises from the _______ lateral aspect of the aorta.
• Which vessels drain blood from the ovaries into the inferior vena cava on the right and into the left renal vein on the left?
• What is the distance from the transducer to the center of the focal zone called?
• Partial or complete displacement of the heart outside the thorax is known as which condition?
• Where do ovum and sperm join to form a zygote?
• During the first 6 weeks, how does HCG change?
• A sheath of muscle fibers surrounding the distal common bile and pancreatic ducts as they cross the wall of the duodenum.
• A collapsed muscular tube located posterior to the urinary bladder and urethra and anterior to the rectum and anus is the what?
• Which curvature corresponds to the shorter, concave right border of the stomach?
• The double bubble sign is most characteristic of which condition?
• The small anechoic CSF-filled box located in the midline brain at the level of the BPD is the?
• Which ovarian mass is typically bilateral and associated with metastasis from gastric carcinoma?
• Which technique averages frames from different angles to improve visualization and reduce speckle/noise?
• Which portion of the fallopian tube is adjacent to the uterine wall and is short and narrow?
• A sickle-shaped fold of dura mater separating the two hemispheres of the cerebrum is called which?
• TIB Stands for Thermal Index for Bone.
• Which term refers to the increase in reflection amplitude from structures behind a weakly attenuating structure?
• Intrauterine pregnancy with a nonviable embryo and abnormal HCG rise is most consistent with which finding?
• Fibers that connect the vertebral column and the diaphragm are called what?
• Normal amniotic fluid content increases until which gestational week?
• What is the time from the beginning of one voltage pulse to the start of another?
• Which term refers to a posterior fossa structure that includes a vermis and two lateral horns?
• Which principle states that materials produce a voltage when deformed by applied pressure?
• Duodenal atresia is typically documented in one third of cases of which condition?
• The descriptor for a Doppler shift where the received frequency exceeds the transmitted frequency is:
• Which device changes the voltage of received signals into numeric values?
• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is classically defined by which triad?
• Shortening of the middle portion of a limb is called what?
• What is the term for a solid mass of cells formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum?
• Which feature is commonly associated with macrocystic cystadenoma?
• Which term describes the method of shaping the array excitation to suppress sidelobes?
• Which device acts as the clock that instructs the pulser to send an electrical signal and coordinates all system components?
• Which region of the pelvis lies below the pelvic brim?
• An excessive function of the parathyroid glands; may lead to osteoporosis and nephrolithiasis is which?
• Which anatomical feature corresponds to the right border of the stomach that is shorter and concave?
• The subhepatic space communicates with the lesser sac through the foramen of.....
• The right lobe of the liver is divided by which vessel?
• The size of the transducer element is referred to as
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is elevated when there is liver cell injury.
• Which artifact appears as a series of parallel bands or a solid streak behind a reflector and is associated with a gas bubble?
• Uterine body displaced to the left of the cervix is called what?
• The inner layer of the myometrium is known as the ______ zone.
• Meconium ileus is frequently associated with which condition?
• On ultrasound, seminal vesicles appear as hypoechoic structures in which location relative to the prostate and urinary bladder?
• For short pulses, the blank factor is equal to the number of cycles in a pulse; the lower the blank factor, the better image quality.
• Which syndrome is characterized by the combination of pleural effusion, ascites, and an ovarian mass that resolves after surgery?
• A congenital neck mass arising from the branchial apparatus is called?
• Which term refers to the number of live births?
• Cysts in the cervix
• The ligament that connects the posterior surface of the liver to the diaphragm is called which?
• Which mode creates a 2D qualitative cross-sectional image using multiple sound beams?
• The fibrous sheath enclosing each testis is called what?
• An excessive amount of calcium in the blood; associated with hyperparathyroidism is called?
• In harmonic imaging, the received echoes are at a frequency that is how related to the transmitted frequency?
• Breast metastatic disease originates from which primary sites?
• Compared with pulsed ultrasound at the same intensity, continuous wave ultrasound has what effect on tissue heating?
• The conversion of the residual follicle into the corpus luteum is triggered by a surge of which hormone?
• Soft tissue propagation speed is approximately what value in mm/us?
• The outer layer of the ovary is a thin layer of germinal epithelium. Which term describes this outer layer?
• The mature follicle containing a cumulus mass with a single oocyte is called what?
• Which term refers to the system's original transmitted frequency?
• The uterine fundus bends on the cervix is termed what?
• A kidney that migrates into the chest through a diaphragmatic hernia is called?
• All points on a wavefront or at a source are point sources for the production of spherical secondary wavelets. This is described by which principle?
• Serosal or external surface of the uterus is called the
• What term denotes the distance over which a single ultrasound pulse extends in space?
• What is the time required to complete one cycle called?
• Which procedure analyzes fetal chromosomes by aspirating fetal blood through the umbilical cord?
• Which term denotes the time from the start of one emitted pulse to the start of the next?
• What term denotes a region of high pressure or density in a wave?
• Which structure secretes progesterone before placental circulation and is seen as a thin-to-thick hyperechoic wall with hypervascularity, usually about 5 cm in diameter?
• The ratio of meaningful signal to noise in an ultrasound image is:
• A progressive autoimmune inflammatory thyroiditis; the most common cause of hypothyroidism; increased risk for thyroid malignancy is which?
• The descriptor for a Doppler shift where the received frequency is less than the transmitted frequency is:
• Contains fat, hair, teeth, skin
• Which term describes the likelihood of cavitation occurring?
• What is the term for 2D imaging of the motion of moving structures?
• Which condition is characterized by immune-mediated hydrops with Rh sensitivity and findings such as scalp edema, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, polyhydramnios, and placentomegaly?
• Bulging of the eyeballs associated with hyperthyroidism is called?
• The endometrium consists of two layers, functional and basal. Which layer sheds with menses?
• The functional tissue of the kidney composed of the nephrons is called
• Failure of the stomach to empty is called?
• Macrosomia is associated with birth asphyxia and trauma. Which statement describes this?
• What term describes the soft tissue thickness between the calvaria and the posterior skin line, measured in the axial plane to include the cerebellum, cisterna magna, and cavum septum pellucidum?
• A group of eight bits is called a:
• Normal fluid volume is more than how many centimeters and less than how many centimeters?
• Which term describes the energy that returns to the transducer after hitting a boundary?
• The amount of acoustic energy that the patient receives is called?
• In pregnancy, hypertension is defined as systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. Which option matches this?
• The layer that regenerates new endometrium is the basal layer.
• Which resolution measures the ability to track moving structures and distinguish two points in time, and is determined by frame rate?
• Which cephalic index value is associated with a dolicocephalic head shape?
• Which sign is associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum and describes enlargement and upward displacement of the third ventricle with outward angling of the frontal and lateral horns?
• Progesterone is secreted by the _____.
• Pancreas is which type of organ and where is it located relative to the lesser sac?
• Which ultrasound term describes the storage of the last several real-time frames?
• Which hormone helps prepare and maintain the endometrium?
• A benign tumor composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat is called what?
• Premature rupture of membranes is abbreviated as what?
• Which term best describes flow that is smooth and orderly and contrasts with turbulent flow?
• What is the unit of frequency?
• Courses with the suspensory ligaments; the right empties into the IVC, the left empties into the left renal vein.
• The atrium of the lateral ventricle is measured at what typical size during pregnancy?
• Which syndrome is characterized by prune belly features, including hypotonic abdominal wall muscles, a dilated fetal bladder, a small thorax, and imperforate anus?
• Which pouch is located between the uterus and rectum?
• A curved linear transducer containing multiple piezoelectric elements is called
• What term describes ventricular enlargement due to excessive cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles?
• Which ligament attaches the liver to the abdominal wall and extends from the diaphragm to the umbilicus?
• Which structure matures, stores, and transports sperm produced by the testes?
• Stable cavitation is associated with microbubbles expanding and collapsing in a manner that absorbs energy without violent collapse.
• An autosomal recessive exocrine gland disorder where organs become clogged with mucus secreted by the exocrine glands.
• Hemoglobin is the basis of bilirubin and is recycled by the spleen and turned into _____
• The enzyme produced by the kidney that affects blood pressure is called
• Dividing each element into small pieces to reduce grating lobes is known as what?
• HCG is secreted by which tissue?
• What term describes the direction of the incident beam relative to the media boundary?
• The region of the pelvis below the pelvic brim is known as which?
• Which imaging technique uses multiple focal zones during real-time imaging to improve lateral resolution?
• Early in gestation, the major source for amniotic fluid is the which structure?
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge typically lasts only how many hours?
• A synovial cyst located behind the knee is known as which?
• What term describes minor secondary sound beams of a single element transducer traveling in directions different from the primary beam?
• Which term describes additional weak beams emitted from a multielement transducer that propagate in directions different from the primary beam?
• The fimbriae ovarica refers to the fimbriae attached to which structure?
• Gonadal arteries course parallel to which muscle as they descend into the pelvis?
• Which condition is defined by obstruction at the ureterovesical junction, presenting with ureterocele, megaureter, or ureter stenosis?
• Acrania is best described as which of the following?
• Axial resolution is also referred to as which of the following?
• A synovial cyst adjacent and posterior to the knee joint is known as what?
• Edward syndrome refers to which trisomy?
• In ultrasound beam geometry, which zone is defined by the beam diameter increasing with distance from the transducer?
• Longus colli muscles are located on which surface relative to the thyroid and carotid?
• Subdicing reduces grating lobes by subdividing the element.
• A congenital diverticulum of the brachial cleft located directly below the angle of the mandible is called?
• Which is the most common infiltrating neoplasm of the inferior vena cava?
• Epididymitis is the most common cause of which symptom?
• Which term is described as the unit used to compare the ratio of intensities or amplitudes of two sound waves?
• Endometrium thickness should not exceed how many millimeters in non-postmenopausal women, and in postmenopausal women it should not exceed how many millimeters?
• Which endometrial layer sheds with menses?
• Which term denotes the energy loss per unit distance traveled by a sound wave?
• The near zone length increases with transducer diameter. Which statement best describes this relationship?
• In laminar flow, where is the maximum velocity typically located within the vessel?
• One-dimensional quantitative images using a single sound beam. Y axis—amplitude of returning echo; X axis—distance.
• In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, the donor twin's arterial blood flows into whom?
• ALARA stands for what?
• Meconium peritonitis results from which process?
• Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and increases in times of stress or excitement?
• A dominant 2.0-cm ovarian cyst in a menarche patient is most likely which structure?
• In hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly is typically described with ventricular diameters of approximately what measurement?
• Which objective means for assessing fetal well-being is listed?
• Which imaging mode plots depth along the horizontal axis and amplitude along the vertical axis, typically used for measurement along a line?
• Hematometra refers to blood accumulation in which location?
• A surge in luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and initiates the conversion of the residual follicle into a what structure?
• Direct biopsy performed between 10-12 weeks with results in about one week is which procedure?
• Which frequency range is audible to humans?
• Which ligament extends from the lateral portion of the ovary to the pelvic sidewall and is also known as the infundibulopelvic ligament?
• Pathologic thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls is called what?
• Which term refers to a hard fecal mass in the colon?
• Which artery is a tortuous branch of the celiac axis and courses along the superior margin of the pancreatic body and tail?
• Fertilization to implantation occurs in approximately how many days?
• Which term denotes the distance from the transducer to the region of maximum beam intensity along the axis?
• Elevation is seen with infection, leukemia, hemorrhage and malignancy.
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis is described as fibrotic tissue surrounding large vessels in which region?
• What is the term for the smallest portion of an image?
• Which process converts voltages delivered to the receiver to a more useful form for processing and is not operator controlled?
• Which is the largest organ in the fetal torso and may show left lobe larger than the right?
• What is the gravest form of pregnancy-induced hypertension characterized by seizures, coma, proteinuria, and edema?
• Acute tubular necrosis is the death of tubular cells in which organ?
• A collection of cycles that travel together is called a
• Nonuniform driving of elements in an array to reduce grating lobes is known as
• Which stage of demodulation involves converting the received waveform into a form suitable for processing and is not user controlled?
• A Gartner duct cyst is a small cyst located in which anatomical site?
• What ultrasound artifact is a dense tapering trail of echoes just distal to a strong reflector, located parallel to the sound beam and caused by two closely spaced strong reflectors such as calcium, air, or a foreign body?
• What is the most common carcinoma of the endometrium?
• What term describes a centrally located endometrial fluid collection demonstrated with a coexisting ectopic pregnancy?
• Which term refers to the decidua exclusive of the area occupied by the implanted conceptus; aka decidua vera?
• Which pancreatic cystic neoplasm accounts for about 50% of cystic neoplasms and is mostly found in the body and tail?
• The venous system serves as which major reservoir in the circulatory system?
• A fluid structure formed from the Graafian follicle after ovulation is called what?
• Which artifact is commonly associated with gas bubbles and appears as a chain of echoes behind a reflector?
• Abnormal twisting of a portion of the intestines that can impair blood flow is called what?
• The adrenal glands are located relative to the kidneys as which of the following?
• A congenital obstruction of the ureteric orifice with a hyperechoic septation within the bladder at the ureteric orifice is called?
• Which Thermal Index relates to heating of the Cranium?
• Non-functional islet cell tumors have what percentage of malignancy according to the source?
• Which zone is the most common site for prostate cancer?
• _____ supplies the jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, portions of the transverse colon and head of the pancreas?
• Which group comprises long flat neck muscles located lateral and anterior to the thyroid lobes?
• Duct of Santorini empties into which part of the digestive tract?
• What is the most common germ cell tumor of the scrotum?
• A partially imaged normal fetus lacking an upper body is described as which type of twin?
• The funnel-shaped distal portion of the fallopian tube terminates at the fimbrial processes. Which portion is this?
• Which term describes scarring within the uterine cavity resulting from a prior abortion or dilation and curettage, often seen as hyperechoic bands on ultrasound?
• Which term describes the frequency at which the transducer naturally resonates, influenced by the propagation speed and thickness of the element and, in continuous wave, by the electrical frequency?
• Absorption, reflection and scattering of the incident sound beam equal which phenomenon?
• Tissue harmonics are created during which process?
• Occurs when two waves out of phase with each other create a new wave with amplitude less than the two original waves. out of phase
• Hyperparathyroidism can cause which complications?
• Which device converts binary numbers from memory into analog voltages for CRT display, determining brightness of the echoes?
• Which term is also known as depth of penetration or penetration depth?
• Which term describes loss in intensity from bending of the sound beam at a curved structure?
• Temporal resolution is determined by which of the following?
• Renal artery aneurysm rupture risk increases after exceeding what size?
• Intrauterine adhesions ablating the endometrial lining describe which syndrome?
• Which hormone surge triggers ovulation?
• Which structure is located posterior to the superior mesenteric vein and anterior to the aorta?
• Immaturity of renal development resulting in a lobulated renal contour is known as what?
• Which term denotes deposition of yellowish plaque in arteries that narrows the lumen?
• Which layer corresponds to the breast parenchyma lying with the superficial fascia and composed of epithelial and stromal tissue?
• Which chromosomal abnormality is defined as having three complete sets of chromosomes?
• The most inferior point in the pelvic cavity and common site for fluid collection is the rectouterine pouch.
• A molecule that causes vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure, and stimulates aldosterone release is known as what?
• Which assessment method is cited as an objective means for assessing fetal well-being?
• Which skull abnormality involves exposure of brain tissue due to skull defects?
• Which imaging mode demonstrates length, width, and thickness and provides a 2D display of a 3D volume?
• The iliopsoas is formed by which two muscles?
• From which vessel do the ovarian arteries arise?
• The endometrium is thinnest during which days of the menstrual cycle?
• The right renal artery courses ______ to the inferior vena cava, a common sonographic landmark.
• Dilatation of the fallopian tube with fluid, seen as an anechoic tubular adnexal mass, is known as what?
• Abdominal wall defects, cardiac defects, GI tract, or CNS anomalies are associated with which fluid abnormality that presents with AFI greater than 24 cm?
• First-trimester screening is typically performed between which weeks?
• Imaging instruments have the _____ output intensity.
• Which term describes the shortening of the proximal portion of a limb?
• What is the force exerted by the sound beam on an absorber or reflector?
• What is the number of ultrasound pulses emitted per second?
• What term covers the surface of the implanted conceptus?
• What is the channel that carries milk from the lobes of the breast to the nipple called?
• Which muscle arises from the lumbar spine and descends into the false pelvis and lies posterior to the inguinal canal?
• In continuous-wave transducers, the emitted sound frequency is determined by the machine's electrical frequency.
• Which term denotes the interference pattern where crests align to produce higher amplitude?
• Which parameter quantifies the potential for heat deposition in tissue during ultrasound exposure?
• The most severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by swelling of the hands, face, and feet; may progress to coma and death is called what?
• Which deviation describes the path of the sound beam not caused by reflection, scattering, or refraction?
• What term means the amount of space within a specific boundary?
• Compared to CW Doppler, the intensity of PW Doppler is what?
• Which term describes the phenomenon in which scatterers are much smaller than the wavelength, affecting backscatter?
• Which condition is described as rupture of the amnion leading to limb entanglement and potential amputations?
• Stroke volume is equal to end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume. Which expression represents this relationship?
• What term describes the redirection of sound in several directions when it encounters a rough surface, also known as nonspecular reflections?
• Spina bifida in which the defect is uncovered with elevated AFP levels is called which type?
• The structure that forms the lateral wall of the third ventricle and is part of the diencephalon is the?
• The chorionic villi and decidua basalis form the _____.
• The rete testis connects the epididymis to which portion of the testis?
• From which major vessel do the middle suprarenal arteries originate?
• Occurs when the reflector is smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam
• Hematometra describes blood accumulation in which location?
• In Poiseuille's law, which factors directly influence the volume flow rate?
• An intrauterine device (IUD) is placed in the endometrial cavity at the level of the ______ and ______.
• Cooper’s ligaments are structural components of which breast layer?
• Which artifact is the product of horizontal enhancement or banding at focal zones due to improper brightness?
• A renal contour abnormality resulting from enlargement of the renal column projecting into the pyramids is called?
• Which term denotes an experiment performed in a test tube or controlled environment outside a living organism?
• The safety principle used to minimize biological effects in humans and the fetus is known as?
• Which condition is characterized by shortening of the bones in the hands and feet?
• Secondary sound beams produced by an array transducer that can duplicate structures lateral to the real structure are called what?
• A cephalic index of 70% corresponds to which head shape?
• Name the superficial neck muscles that serve as landmarks and lie lateral to the thyroid.
• A benign cyst that responds to hormonal stimulation and is larger than 3 cm is known as what?
• What term describes portion of the sound wave reflected from the boundary between two media?
• Which term describes a small receding chin and lower lip?
• A cake kidney is generally located in which anatomical region?
• Umbilical arteries arise from which arteries on each side of the bladder?
• A term used to describe the sonographic appearance of a dense ovarian dermoid tumor.
• Which term refers to the rate at which frames are displayed, affecting perceived motion?
• Which term describes sound with frequencies above human hearing?
• Protrusion of the posterior bladder wall through a defect in the lower abdominal wall and anterior wall of the urinary bladder is called what?
• Which neural tube defect results from failure of the cranial end to close and may present with a froglike facial appearance?
• Which vessel drains blood from the gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and GI tract into the liver?
• Which structure provides nutrients to the embryo and is the initial site of AFP?
• Cysts associated with high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin and related to trophoblastic disease are called?
• Scar from a previous corpus luteum is called what?
• Which statement is true based on the material?
• What is the most common complication of an aortic graft?
• What is the most common breast malignancy?
• Collection of active elements connected to individual electronic currents in one transducer is called
• Damping or backing material in a transducer primarily increases which characteristic of the emitted pulse?
• Which layer lies immediately interior to the muscular layer of the gallbladder wall?
• What is the name of the malignant pediatric kidney tumor most commonly diagnosed in children five years of age or younger?
• Which lesion is described as an oval echogenic mass within the endometrial cavity?
• Proliferation of the endometrial lining is called?
• The cavum septum pellucidi is best described as which anatomical feature?
• What term describes the layout of pixel data in a digital ultrasound image as rows and columns?
• At a tissue-air interface, the transmitted energy is mostly which?
• Which property determines how much of an incident sound wave is reflected at the boundary and how much enters the second medium?
• Infertility is suggested when conception does not occur within how long?
• Left renal artery arises from the _________ lateral aspect of the aorta.
• Which condition describes a sac containing spinal cord and meninges protruding through a vertebral defect?
• Excessive stretching of which ligament can lead to retroflexion of the uterus?
• Which term describes the time between the start of one pulse and the start of the next pulse?
• The rate at which work is performed is called?
• The prominent cystic space in the posterior portion of the brain is called which structure?
• Which term describes pelvic pain that occurs around ovulation?
• Which term describes sound within the range audible to humans (roughly 20 Hz to 20 kHz)?
• If a patient is lying flat, venous pressure is typically:
• In the typical fetal heart orientation, which chamber is most anterior?
• Which term describes painful menses?
• Which organ’s function includes regulating blood pressure and blood volume through the renin-angiotensin system?
• Which term describes surfaces that reflect sound in only one direction and are angle dependent?
• Adenomyomatosis is best described as which of the following?
• The region around the focal point where the beam is narrowest and intensity is greatest is called what?
• Which term describes a cycle with intervals less than 21 days?
• In M-mode, which axis represents reflector depth?
• Which type of reflections occur when the wave strikes a large, smooth surface at normal incidence?
• Which term describes the maximum change in pressure from baseline in a sound wave?
• Which term describes the storage and playback of the last several real-time frames for review?
• Which ligament arises from the uterine cornua, lies anterior to the fallopian tubes, and extends from the uterine fundus to the pelvic sidewalls?
• Which deep brain structure is typically observed as a hypoechoic ovoid in the midline of the fetal brain and lies between the cerebral hemispheres?
• A hematoma located within the splenic parenchyma.
• A malignant germ cell neoplasm that is the most common ovarian malignancy in childhood, with ultrasound showing a unilateral, predominantly solid, homogeneous ovarian mass.
• Which small paired structures are described as storing sperm?
• Which component establishes the firing pattern for the array systems, and during reception establishes time delays used in dynamic focusing?
• Which pediatric renal tumor is described as an echogenic malignant solid mass?
• The Internal Mammary (Internal Thoracic) artery originates from which artery?
• What denotes the rows and columns of pixels in a digital ultrasound image?
• HCG levels level out at which week?
• What term describes steady flow with acceleration and deceleration over the cardiac cycle?
• Asplenia is a syndrome characterized by absence of the spleen with two right lungs, a midline liver, and GI and urinary anomalies. Which term names this syndrome?
• In the systemic circulation, arterioles account for one half of the total resistance. What fraction is accounted for by the rest of the circulation?